The digital age has redefined what it means to be financially vulnerable. For young people in Sarawak and across Malaysia, the path to economic stability is no longer a simple matter of earning and saving. It is a complex terrain shaped by instant credit platforms, algorithm-driven consumerism, and the quiet erosion of traditional financial safeguards. In November 2025 alone, an average of more than two young people under the age of thirty were declared bankrupt every single day in Malaysia, marking the highest monthly figure ever recorded for that demographic. The surge in cases involving youths under thirty accounted for nearly sixty percent of the total increase in bankruptcies that year, with an estimated eighteen individuals declared bankrupt daily across all age groups. Between 2020 and early 2026, a total of 5,272 Malaysians aged thirty-four and below were declared bankrupt, and an overwhelming 98 percent of these cases, numbering 5,189 individuals, fell within the twenty-five to thirty-four age brackets. These figures are not abstract policy data points. They represent thousands of young lives entering adulthood already shackled by insurmountable debt.
While the scale of the problem demands attention, this article does not dwell solely on the grim statistics. Instead, it investigates how communities and organizations are responding to this crisis with practical, evidence-based interventions that move beyond traditional financial education. Across Malaysia and around the world, a quiet revolution is underway. Neighbourhood networks, peer mentorship programs, faith-based institutions, and civic organizations are stepping forward to transform financial literacy from a classroom subject into a lived practice. These grassroots efforts are not merely supplementary to national policy. In many cases, they are the decisive factor that prevents a young person from crossing the threshold from manageable debt to bankruptcy. This investigation explores the most effective community-driven responses, examines the evidence behind them, and identifies both their transformative potential and their persistent limitations.
The Anatomy of a Quiet Crisis
To understand why community-based interventions matter, one must first grasp the specific nature of the financial pressures confronting today’s youth. Personal loans consistently emerge as the single largest catalyst for bankruptcy across all age groups in Malaysia. Over the period from 2022 to early 2026, personal loans accounted for 45.51 percent of all insolvency cases, representing nearly eleven thousand bankruptcies. Within the youth demographic specifically, the proportion is even higher, hovering around 47.31 percent. Senator Datuk Sivaraj Chandran, debating the Supply Bill 2026 in Parliament, characterized this trend as clear evidence that credit controls remain dangerously lax, leaving an entire generation vulnerable to debt spirals.
Yet personal loans tell only part of the story. The rise of buy now, pay later (BNPL) services has introduced a subtler, more insidious form of credit exposure. As of December 31, 2025, Malaysia’s BNPL balances stood at RM4.9 billion, with 7.5 million active users and an overdue ratio of approximately 3.3 percent. In 2025 alone, BNPL transactions reached 243 million, totalling RM21.3 billion, representing a 66 percent increase in transaction volume and a 78 percent increase in total value compared to the previous year. These figures remain small relative to overall household debt, which has led regulators to describe the situation as contained. But this framing obscures a more troubling reality. BNPL is heavily concentrated among youth and lower-income users, often deployed for essentials such as food, groceries, and transport. When a financial product designed for discretionary convenience becomes a coping mechanism for cashflow stress, the risk shifts from the balance sheet to the household’s fragile day-to-day equilibrium.
The global picture reinforces these concerns. The 2025 TIAA Institute-GFLEC Personal Finance Index found that Generation Z correctly answered only 38 percent of financial literacy index questions on average, the lowest of any generation studied. This gap is not confined to the United States. A Youth Future-Readiness Index study in Singapore revealed that while young people expressed confidence in their financial skills, most lacked essential digital financial literacy compared to global counterparts, scoring well below the OECD benchmark of seventy points. Meanwhile, BNPL users in the United States were found to carry 36 percent higher credit card balances than non-users, suggesting that these products often mask rather than resolve underlying financial fragility. The confluence of low financial literacy, easy digital credit, and stagnant wage growth creates a perfect storm, and it is within this storm that community-based interventions must prove their worth.
The Evidence for Community-Driven Financial Mentorship
The case for community-based financial guidance rests on a growing body of rigorous evidence. One of the most compelling studies comes from Australia, where the Money 4 Well-being pilot program targeted disadvantaged young people aged eighteen to twenty-four. The program combined six two-hour workshops with twelve months of one-on-one mentoring. The results were striking. The proportion of participants who saved a set amount on a regular basis rose from around 10 percent at baseline to approximately 50 percent post-mentoring. Those who regularly or always set savings goals increased from 22 percent to 65 percent. Perhaps most telling, the percentage of participants who reported regularly or always using a budget climbed from a baseline where 77 percent rarely used one to a post-program level where 71 percent reported consistent budgeting. Knowledge of superannuation and goal setting showed the largest improvements, with changes of 35.7 percent and 23.9 percent respectively. These outcomes underscore a crucial insight: financial knowledge alone is insufficient. Sustained behavioural change requires the accountability and relational support that only a trusted mentor can provide.
Across the Atlantic, the partnership between IG Wealth Management and the Canadian Foundation for Economic Education has yielded similarly encouraging results. Through the Money and Youth workshops held across eleven provinces and territories, over four hundred students, educators, and parents participated in forty workshops throughout 2024. Post-workshop financial confidence among participants increased by an average of 66 percent. The program’s Indigenous Peoples’ Money and Youth adaptation, launched in early 2025, has already reached six educator workshops and three youth workshops, with two thousand books distributed across Canada. The workshops focused on practical distinctions between saving and investing, understanding interest, and differentiating wants from needs. One Indigenous youth participant reflected, “I learned the difference between saving and investing money and how to apply this concept to my life by considering which one is the best option due to my circumstances”. Such testimonials illustrate the power of culturally attuned, community-embedded education to make abstract financial concepts tangible and actionable.
In the United States, the Boston Youth Credit Building Initiative employed a randomized controlled trial across eighteen educational and community-based organizations to assess the impact of financial coaching on young adults. Participants demonstrated significantly higher financial knowledge and reported more positive financial behaviours than those in the control group. Similarly, the Rise Up with Roswell intervention, delivered through community-based organizations in partnership with a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer centre, achieved significant pre-test to post-test knowledge gains among participants, with over 30 percent of participants reporting household incomes below fifty thousand dollars annually. These studies collectively affirm that community-based financial education, when delivered through trusted local intermediaries, can effectively reach populations that institutional programs often miss.
One of the most methodologically robust evaluations comes from Uganda, where researchers experimentally evaluated group-based financial education, savings account access, or both for members of Ugandan youth groups, measuring both short-term and five-year impacts through household surveys. The findings, published in The Review of Economics and Statistics, demonstrated that community-embedded interventions can produce durable changes in financial behaviour over time. This long-term perspective is essential. Many financial literacy programs measure only immediate knowledge retention, but the true test of efficacy lies in whether young people, years later, are avoiding debt traps, building savings, and making informed financial decisions. The Ugandan study provides rare longitudinal evidence that community-based approaches can indeed sustain impact across half a decade.
Malaysia’s Emerging Ecosystem of Community Response
Against this international backdrop, Malaysia is cultivating its own network of community-driven financial resilience initiatives. The Credit Counselling and Debt Management Agency (AKPK), a statutory body under the central bank, has evolved beyond its original mandate as a debt restructuring service to become a cornerstone of financial education outreach. Nearly 1.4 million Malaysians have participated in AKPK’s debt management program since its inception, with approximately 477,571 borrowers successfully restructuring their debts and 13 percent repaying their loans in full, involving over RM3.2 billion. AKPK’s educational reach now extends to more than 357,000 youth participants through programs delivered in public and private higher education institutions and youth communities. The agency has also established financial clubs in universities nationwide, with over four hundred active members, and developed a learning module certified by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency that carries two academic credits.
In Melaka alone, approximately 1,900 youths aged twenty to thirty have sought services from AKPK’s credit management program as of December 2024, with total accumulated debt around RM138 million. The largest group of young clients earned between RM2,000 and RM4,000 monthly, underscoring that debt distress is not confined to the very poor but afflicts those in the lower middle-income bracket who are particularly vulnerable to lifestyle inflation and easy credit. Melaka AKPK head Mohammad Farid Fadzi identified the high cost of living as the primary driver, accounting for 52 percent of cases, followed by unexpected financial commitments and job loss. His emphasis on a disciplined approach to financial planning, including understanding basic needs, practicing savings, and developing personal financial management skills, encapsulates the practical, non-judgmental orientation that defines effective community guidance.
Beyond AKPK, a diverse array of civil society and corporate actors is advancing the community finance agenda. The +Play Finance Programme, a collaboration between CIMB Bank and the Nicol David Organisation, targets over 750 students across thirty Klang Valley schools, integrating physical activity and mental wellness with foundational financial education. CIMB’s group chief executive Gurdip Singh Sidhu articulated the program’s philosophy succinctly: “Financial literacy, when nurtured early, becomes a powerful tool for lifelong success, enabling young people to make informed decisions, plan and contribute positively to their communities”. The program’s movement-based, interactive format addresses a common barrier to financial education, namely that money matters are rarely discussed openly in school environments and can feel abstract or intimidating to younger learners.
The takaful industry has similarly entered the fray. Sun Life Malaysia Takaful and the Malaysian Takaful Association launched the Program Inspirasi Pendidikan Kewangan Belia Negara for the 2025 to 2026 session, targeting university students across five institutions including Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Malaya, and Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia. The initiative aligns with Bank Negara Malaysia’s Value-Based Intermediation for Takaful framework, underscoring the central bank’s view that financial literacy is not a peripheral concern but a core component of national financial stability.
Smaller, more targeted interventions are also making measurable impact. A community-based training program conducted for Nasyiatul Aisyiyah Moyudan members in Indonesia, a country with cultural and economic parallels to Malaysia, used a paired-samples t-test to evaluate pre-training and post-training scores among twenty-four participants. Results revealed an average gain of 23.75 points, a statistically significant increase at the p less than 0.001 level, demonstrating that context-specific, participatory financial literacy instruction can meaningfully strengthen young women’s financial competence. Meanwhile, the Financial Empowerment for B40 Youth program at Universiti Malaya reported a 100 percent increase in financial literacy and management skills among participants, with every participant successfully preparing a weekly budget by the program’s conclusion and 80 percent demonstrating measurable improvement in financial behaviour.
The Mechanics of Effective Community Guidance
What distinguishes effective community-based financial interventions from their less successful counterparts? The evidence points to several critical design features. First, the integration of mentorship with education consistently outperforms standalone workshops. The Money 4 Well-being evaluation found that the twelve-month mentoring component was essential to translating knowledge into sustained behaviour change. Participants reported feeling comfortable speaking with their mentors about finance-related questions, and 57 percent more young people knew where to seek help with financial decisions by the program’s conclusion. This relational dimension cannot be replicated through digital platforms or mass media campaigns. It requires the presence of a trusted adult who understands the local economic context and can provide tailored, non-judgemental guidance.
Second, cultural relevance and language accessibility are paramount. AKPK’s launch of the BUDI series, a four-volume Bahasa Malaysia financial guide, was deliberately not a direct translation of its earlier English-language GROW series but a reimagined creation conveyed through “the language, symbols and spirit of Malaysia”. AKPK’s chief executive officer Azaddin Ngah Tasir emphasized that the series is designed to demonstrate that “money is not a neutral force” and that “every decision to save or spend, to plan or avoid, reflects deeper values”. This culturally embedded approach resonates more deeply than generic financial advice, particularly in societies like Sarawak where diverse ethnic communities maintain distinct cultural attitudes toward money, debt, and communal obligation.
Third, successful programs bridge the gap between digital convenience and human accountability. The Malaysian Financial Literacy Survey 2025 found that 62 percent of Gen Z respondents now use artificial intelligence for budgeting, investing, or seeking financial advice, and 68 percent of Malaysians rely on social media as their primary channel for financial education. Yet the same survey revealed that only 36 percent of lower-income respondents avoided BNPL altogether, despite understanding its risks. This disconnect between digital literacy and prudent behaviour underscores the need for what might be termed “fintech with a human face”: digital tools that are complemented by community-based support structures. A centralized digital resource for youth financial literacy becomes exponentially more effective when linked to physical community centres where mentors offer in-person guidance and peer groups share real-world budgeting strategies.
Fourth, effective interventions address the psychological and emotional dimensions of financial decision-making. The Money 4 Well-being program explicitly supported the development of both emotional and financial literacy by cultivating positive psychological attitudes and offering a more holistic approach to financial capability. Sessions covered not only technical topics like credit providers and superannuation but also impulse buying, peer pressure, stress management, and resilience. This recognition that financial behaviour is shaped as much by emotion and social context as by cognitive knowledge represents a significant evolution from earlier generations of financial literacy programming, which often assumed that information alone would lead to rational decision-making.
Fifth, sustainability depends on building local capacity rather than relying on external experts. The FINYOUTH project in Europe explicitly aims to build the capacity of youth organizations and youth workers to implement non-formal sessions on financial literacy, with a particular focus on the risks of online gambling and micro-transactions in video games. Similarly, the Social Work Netherlands “Never Skeer Again” project emphasizes that youth workers, who are already embedded in young people’s lives, can identify early warning signs of debt problems and intervene before they escalate into crises. This train-the-trainer model creates a multiplier effect, allowing financial capability to become part of the fabric of community life rather than a one-off intervention.
The Limits of Community-Based Approaches
For all their promise, community-based financial interventions face significant constraints that must be acknowledged honestly. Scale remains the most persistent challenge. The programs described above, while impactful, have collectively reached only a fraction of the youth population at risk. AKPK’s educational outreach, though impressive, has engaged 357,000 young participants over nearly two decades in a country with approximately nine million people under the age of twenty-four. The +Play Finance Programme targets 750 students across thirty schools, a meaningful but modest footprint given the national need. Community-based approaches are inherently labour-intensive and relationship-dependent, characteristics that make rapid scaling difficult without diluting the very qualities that make them effective.
Resource constraints compound this challenge. Many community-based programs rely on short-term grant funding, corporate social responsibility budgets, or the volunteer labour of civic organizations. This precarious financial footing undermines long-term planning and forces programs to prioritize immediate outcomes over sustained engagement. The five-year impact evaluation from Uganda required funding from the Financial Education Fund of the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development and the Citi Foundation, resources that are not readily available in every jurisdiction. Without stable, multi-year funding commitments, even the most promising community initiatives struggle to move beyond pilot phases.
The digital divide presents another significant barrier. While 62 percent of Malaysian Gen Z respondents report using artificial intelligence for financial tasks, this figure masks substantial disparities in digital access and literacy across income levels, geographic regions, and ethnic communities. Sarawak, with its vast rural interior and limited internet connectivity in many longhouse communities, exemplifies the challenge of ensuring that community-based programs reach those who need them most. Programs designed for urban, digitally native youth may not translate effectively to communities where traditional financial practices and face-to-face relationships remain primary.
Perhaps the most subtle limitation concerns the tension between community guidance and individual autonomy. Financial mentorship, at its best, empowers young people to make their own informed decisions. At its worst, it can shade into paternalism or reinforce conservative financial norms that may not align with a young person’s values or aspirations. Striking this balance requires mentors who are trained not only in financial concepts but in active listening, cultural humility, and the art of asking questions rather than dispensing prescriptions. The “Never Skeer Again” guidelines from the Netherlands capture this ethos succinctly: “In a conversation, connect with young people first, ask how they’re doing, and show concern. And do not start by asking about money right away, because that is off-putting and will turn them off”. This person-centred approach demands skills that are not typically included in financial literacy training curricula.
Toward a Community-Centred Policy Framework
The evidence examined in this investigation points toward several actionable recommendations for policymakers, funders, and community leaders seeking to strengthen youth financial resilience. First, community-based financial mentorship should be recognized as a distinct and essential pillar of national financial inclusion strategy, deserving dedicated funding streams and capacity-building support. The Consumer Credit Act 2025, which introduces licensing requirements and responsible lending duties for credit providers, provides a regulatory foundation that could be complemented by parallel investment in community guidance infrastructure.
Second, the train-the-trainer model should be expanded systematically. AKPK’s experience with university financial clubs and youth community programs demonstrates that local champions can effectively extend the reach of professional financial educators. Scaling this approach requires developing standardized yet culturally adaptable training materials, offering certification pathways that recognize the skills of community mentors, and establishing referral networks that connect community-based programs with formal debt counselling services when needed.
Third, digital platforms should be designed from the outset to integrate with community support structures. The Parliamentary debate on youth bankruptcy highlighted that more than two million highly qualified Malaysian workers are employed in sectors that do not utilize their skills, pointing to a broader disconnect between education and economic opportunity. Digital tools that help young people map career pathways, understand the return on investment of education financing, and connect with local mentors could address multiple dimensions of financial vulnerability simultaneously.
Fourth, evaluation frameworks must evolve to capture the relational and behavioural outcomes that community-based programs are best positioned to achieve. Standardized pre-test and post-test knowledge assessments, while valuable, miss the deeper transformations that occur when a young person shifts from avoiding financial conversations to actively seeking guidance, or when a family begins discussing budgeting openly across generations. Mixed-methods evaluations that incorporate qualitative interviews, participant observation, and longitudinal tracking would provide richer evidence of community program effectiveness and inform continuous improvement.
Fifth, partnerships between financial institutions, civic organizations, and government agencies should be structured to balance institutional resources with community credibility. Banks and fintech companies bring financial expertise and scalable infrastructure, but they often lack the trust and cultural fluency that local organizations have cultivated over decades. The CIMB and Nicol David Organisation partnership offers one model of how corporate resources can amplify community-led initiatives without displacing local ownership. The Biji-biji Initiative’s selection for the Citi Foundation’s 2025 Global Innovation Challenge, which will channel funding into skills training and job placement for low-income youth in Malaysia, represents another promising template for aligning corporate philanthropy with grassroots capacity building.
The Sarawak Imperative
Sarawak occupies a unique position within this national landscape. The state’s diverse ethnic communities, ranging from Iban and Bidayuh to Melanau and Orang Ulu, maintain distinct customary practices around resource sharing, communal savings, and intergenerational wealth transfer. These indigenous financial traditions, often overlooked in mainstream policy discussions, represent a reservoir of community-based financial wisdom that could inform culturally attuned interventions. At the same time, Sarawak’s rapid urbanization, particularly in Kuching, Miri, and Bintulu, exposes young people to the same pressures of consumer culture and digital credit that have driven youth bankruptcy rates upward nationally.
The path forward for Sarawak lies not in importing standardized programs from Peninsular Malaysia but in cultivating homegrown solutions that marry traditional community structures with contemporary financial tools. Village development and security committees, longhouse headmen, church youth groups, and school alumni associations all represent existing networks through which financial mentorship could flow. What these networks need is not replacement but reinforcement: training in financial fundamentals, access to debt counselling referral pathways, and modest resources to support peer education activities.
The stakes could hardly be higher. Every young person who falls into bankruptcy represents not only a personal tragedy but a loss of human potential that ripples through families and communities for generations. A bankrupt individual in Malaysia faces restrictions on overseas travel, barriers to employment in certain sectors, exclusion from financial services, and the erosion of social standing. These consequences are particularly devastating in tight-knit Sarawak communities where reputation and relationships are foundational to economic opportunity. Preventing youth bankruptcy is therefore not merely a matter of individual financial prudence. It is a collective responsibility that calls for collective action.
From Evidence to Action Community Guidance Anchors Youth Financial Futures
The crisis of youth financial vulnerability in Malaysia is real, measurable, and accelerating. Yet the response to this crisis cannot be confined to regulatory tightening or classroom instruction alone. As this investigation has shown, the most promising interventions are those that embed financial capability within the fabric of community life. When trained mentors walk alongside young people through their first experiences with credit, when neighbourhood networks normalize conversations about budgeting and debt, and when civic organizations create spaces for peer learning and mutual accountability, financial literacy ceases to be an abstract curriculum and becomes a lived practice.
The evidence from Australia, Canada, Uganda, the United States, and Malaysia itself converges on a clear conclusion: community-based financial guidance works. It increases savings behaviour, improves budgeting discipline, reduces debt distress, and cultivates the confidence that young people need to navigate an increasingly complex financial world. The limitations of this approach are real and must be addressed through sustained investment, culturally sensitive design, and integration with broader economic policies that address the root causes of financial precarity, including wage stagnation, housing affordability, and the rising cost of education.
For Sarawak, the opportunity is particularly profound. The state’s rich tradition of community mutualism, its dense networks of civic and religious organizations, and its growing cadre of educated young leaders together constitute a foundation upon which a new generation of financial resilience can be built. What remains is the will to invest in this foundation, to trust communities with the resources and authority to guide their own young people, and to recognize that the most effective financial advice is not delivered from a distance but offered in the context of relationship, trust, and shared purpose. When neighbours, mentors, families, and civic organizations stand together as allies for youth, the path from financial vulnerability to economic resilience becomes not only possible but sustainable. The evidence is clear. The need is urgent. The time for community-centred action is now.
References
AKPK launches BUDI series to boost financial literacy among Malaysians. (2025, October 4). The Vibes. https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/113604/akpk-launches-budi-series-to-boost-financial-literacy-among-malaysians
Bouchard, E. G., et al. (2025). Leveraging NCI-designated cancer centers’ community outreach and engagement infrastructure to advance community-driven priorities related to the social determinants of health: Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a financial literacy educational intervention. Journal of Cancer Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-025-02669-0
CIMB partners with Nicol David Organisation to drive youth resilience through +Play Finance Programme. (2025, November 27). Sinar Daily. https://www.sinardaily.my/article/732031
Digital tools empower youth financial management and resilience. (2026, April 3). Sarawak Smart. https://www.sarawaksmart.com/v2/digital-tools-empower-youth-financial-management-and-resilience/
Financial literacy paying off for borrowers. (2025, September 10). The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/09/10/financial-literacy-paying-off-for-borrowers
Horn, S., Jamison, J. C., Karlan, D., & Zinman, J. (2026). Five-year impacts of group-based financial education and savings promotion for Ugandan youth. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 108(1), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01337
IG Wealth Management. (2025, August 26). Bringing financial education to the forefront this back-to-school season. https://www.ig.ca/en/insights/bringing-financial-education-to-the-forefront-this-back-to-school-season
Khusniati, N., Oktabriyantina, W., Sanjoko, D. C., & Yusuf, M. G. Y. (2025). Strengthening youth financial capability: A community approach in Moyudan’s digital finance landscape. Ezra Science Bulletin, 3(1), 614–620. https://doi.org/10.58526/ezrasciencebulletin.v3i1.282
Lee, G. K. S. (2026, March 4). Buy now, worry later: The hidden cost of BNPL. Bernama. https://www.bernama.com/en/thoughts/news.php?id=2540524
Media Selangor. (2025, October 1). Low-income Malaysians, Gen Z more financially literate today — Survey. https://mediaselangor.com/en/2025/10/323230/low-income-malaysians-gen-z-more-financially-literate-today-survey
Money 4 Wellbeing pilot program evaluation. (n.d.). FinCap. https://www.fincap.org.uk/en/evaluations/money-4-well-being-pilot-program-evaluation
National Financial Literacy Remains Stagnant at 49% as Generational Gaps Widen, TIAA Institute-GFLEC Study Finds. (2025, May 29). TIAA Institute. https://www.tiaa.org/public/institute/about/news/2025-tiaa-institute-gflec-personal-finance-index
Never again debt: Guidelines from Social Work Netherlands for preventing debt among young people. (2025, February 10). mboRijnland. https://mborijnland.nl/en/nieuws/nooit-meer-skeer-handreiking-sociaal-werk-nederland-bij-voorkomen-van-schulden-bij-jongeren/
New study finds gap between youth optimism on finances and actual readiness. (2025, November 26). Channel News Asia. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/watch/new-study-finds-gap-between-youth-optimism-finances-and-actual-readiness-5489736
Takaful industry takes lead in nurturing youth financial literacy. (2025, October 16). Bernama. https://www.bernama.com/misc/rss/news.php?id=2479668
The Vibes. (2025, December 11). 18 individuals go bankrupt in Malaysia daily; Surge in cases involving those under 30. https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/116804/18-individuals-go-bankrupt-in-malaysia-daily-surge-in-cases-involving-those-under-30
UMCares. (2025). Financial Empowerment for B40 Youth. https://myumcares.um.edu.my/pelaksanaan-modul-pembelajaran-celik-kewangan-belia-b40.html
1,900 youth in Melaka receive credit management services from AKPK. (2025, January 20). Bernama. https://www.bernama.com/tv/news.php?id=2384596
近140万人参与AKPK债务重组 第二财长:13%还清所有贷款 [Nearly 1.4 million participate in AKPK debt restructuring; 13% repay all loans, says Second Finance Minister]. (2024, December 4). e南洋. https://www.enanyang.my/news/20241204/Finance/648119
